Functional Assessment Measures

(Balance Test, Gait Speed Test, and Chair Stand Test)

To assess lower body function

Equipment: Folding chair without arms (seat height=17 in/43 cm), stopwatch.

Overview and Instrument Details (external link)

Source article
Guralnik JM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L, Glynn RJ, Berkman LF, Blazer DG, Scherr PA, Wallace RB. A short physical performance battery assessing lower extremity function: association with self-reported disability and prediction of mortality and nursing home admission. J Gerontol. 1994 Mar;49(2):M85-94. [PubMed] [ResearchGate]

2015-2016 Normative Data among U.S. adults 65+yo
Huisingh-Scheetz M, Buta B, Bandeen-Roche K, Huang ES, Varadhan R, Walston J, Wroblewski K, Schumm LP, Waite LJ. 2015-2016 Normative Data for the 3-m Usual Walk, Five Repeated Chair Stands, and Static Balance Components of the SPPB Among U.S. Older Adults Across Two Nationally Representative Data Sets: NSHAP and NHATS. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2021 Dec 17;76(Supplement_3):S299-S312. [Open access]

Test-Retest Reliability
Freire AN, Guerra RO, Alvarado B, Guralnik JM, Zunzunegui MV. Validity and reliability of the short physical performance battery in two diverse older adult populations in Quebec and Brazil. J Aging Health. 2012 Aug;24(5):863-78. [PubMed] [Institutional access]

Validity and Test-Retest Reliability
Freire AN, Guerra RO, Alvarado B, Guralnik JM, Zunzunegui MV. Validity and reliability of the short physical performance battery in two diverse older adult populations in Quebec and Brazil. J Aging Health. 2012 Aug;24(5):863-78. [PubMed] [Institutional access]

Test-Retest Reliability and Sensitivity
Ostir GV, Volpato S, Fried LP, Chaves P, Guralnik JM; Women’s Health and Aging Study. Reliability and sensitivity to change assessed for a summary measure of lower body function: Results from the Women’s Health and Aging Study. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002 Sep;55(9):916-21. [PubMed] [Institutional access]

To assess overall functional fitness

Equipment: Folding chair without arms (seat height=17 in/43 cm), hand weights (5- and 8-lbs), cone, stopwatch.

Brief Overview of Protocol and Normative Data (external link)

Senior Fitness Test Manual (2nd ed) purchase link (external link)

Source articles
Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Development and Validation of a Functional Fitness Test for Community-Residing Older Adults. J Aging Phys Act. 1999 Apr;7(2):129-161. [PubMed] [DOI link to Journal]

Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Functional fitness normative scores for community-residing adults, ages 60-94. J Aging Phys Act. 1999 Apr;7(2):162-181. [PDF download] [DOI link to Journal]

Normative Data and Test-Retest Reliability in a sample of Community-Residing Older Adults ages 60-94
Rikli RE, Jones CJ. Development and validation of criterion-referenced clinically relevant fitness standards for maintaining physical independence in later years. Gerontologist. 2013 Apr;53(2):255-267. [PubMed] [Journal link]

Normative Data in a sample of Community-Residing Older Adults ages 65-103
Marques EA, Baptista F, Santos R, Vale S, Santos DA, Silva AM, Mota J, Sardinha LB. Normative functional fitness standards and trends of Portuguese older adults: cross-cultural comparisons. J Aging Phys Act. 2014 Jan;22(1):126-137.[PubMed] [DOI link to Journal]

To assess overall functional fitness

Equipment: Pan + water, Jug of water + cup, jacket, 4 scarves, adjustable shelf + item for reach, broom/dustpan/kitty litter, washer + dryer/clothes + weights/clothes basket, bed/fitted sheet + comforter + pillows, vacuum cleaner + oats, 2 chairs as needed for stability in floor down/up task, spring scale to simulate fire door, 3 steps to simulate public transportation platform/weights/luggage bag, selection of groceries/bag for groceries, flight of stairs, stopwatch.

Overview and Assessment Details (external link)

Source article: Test-Retest Reliability, Inter-rater Reliability
Cress ME, Buchner DM, Questad KA, Esselman PC, deLateur BJ, Schwartz RS. Continuous-scale physical functional performance in healthy older adults: a validation study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996 Dec;77(12):1243-50. [PubMed] [DOI link to Journal]

Convergent Validity and Sensitivity of the CS-PFP 10-item version
Cress ME, Petrella JK, Moore TL, Schenkman ML. Continuous-scale physical functional performance test: validity, reliability, and sensitivity of data for the short version. Phys Ther. 2005 Apr;85(4):323-35. [PubMed] [DOI link to Journal]

To assess mobility

Equipment: Folding chair without arms (seat height=17 in/43 cm), stopwatch.
A line is marked on the floor 10 feet (3.05m) away from the chair.

CDC Instructions and Score Sheet (external link)

Normative Data and Test-Retest Reliability in a sample of Community-Dwelling Elderly
Steffen TM, Hacker TA, Mollinger L. Age- and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people: Six-Minute Walk Test, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up & Go Test, and gait speeds. Phys Ther. 2002 Feb;82(2):128-137. [PubMed] [Institutional Access]

Isles RC, Choy NL, Steer M, Nitz JC. Normal values of balance tests in women aged 20-80. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004 Aug;52(8):1367-1372. [PubMed] [Journal Link]

Test-Retest Reliability in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA)
Beauchamp MK, Hao Q, Kuspinar A, D’Amore C, Scime G, Ma J, Mayhew A, Bassim C, Wolfson C, Kirkland S, Griffith L, Raina P. Reliability and Minimal Detectable Change Values for Performance-Based Measures of Physical Functioning in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. [PMC free article]

Inter- and Intra-Rater Reliability and Concurrent Criterion Validity in a sample of Older Adults
Podsiadlo D, Richardson S. The timed “Up & Go”: a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991 Feb;39(2):142-148. [PubMed] [Journal link]

Test-Retest Reliability, Discriminant Validity and Responsiveness in a sample of Community-Dwelling Elderly
Lin MR, Hwang HF, Hu MH, Wu HD, Wang YW, Huang FC. Psychometric comparisons of the timed up and go, one-leg stand, functional reach, and Tinetti balance measures in community-dwelling older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004 Aug;52(8):1343-1348. [PubMed] [Journal link]

8-foot Up and Go Test

To assess mobility

Equipment: Stationary/Folding chair without arms (seat height=17 in/43 cm), cone, stopwatch.
A cone is placed so the rear of the marker is 8 feet (2.44m) from the front of the chair.
 

Protocol:
•Participant may use cane or usual walking aid, if necessary.
•Participant sits in chair with feet flat on ground, back against chair.
•Instructions to participant: “When I say go, I want you to stand up from the chair, walk around the cone at your usual pace and walk back to the chair and sit down again.”
•Begin stopwatch from the command “Go”; End when participant has returned to the original seated position.
•Protocol variation : A chair with arms may be used for participants unable to rise otherwise.

Concurrent Validity in a sample of Older Adults with and without mild cognitive impairment
Rolenz E, Reneker JC. Validity of the 8-Foot Up and Go, Timed Up and Go, and Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale in older adults with and without cognitive impairment. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2016;53(4):511-518. [PubMed]

To assess functional leg strength

Equipment: Folding chair without arms (seat height=17 in/43 cm), stopwatch.

CDC Instructions and Score Sheet (external link)

Normative Data, Test-Retest Reliability and Criterion Validity in a sample of Community-Dwelling Elderly
Jones CJ, Rikli RE, Beam WC. A 30-s chair-stand test as a measure of lower body strength in community-residing older adults. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1999 Jun;70(2):113-119. [PubMed] [Institutional access]

Test-Retest Reliability on the Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA)
Beauchamp MK, Hao Q, Kuspinar A, D’Amore C, Scime G, Ma J, Mayhew A, Bassim C, Wolfson C, Kirkland S, Griffith L, Raina P. Reliability and Minimal Detectable Change Values for Performance-Based Measures of Physical Functioning in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. [PMC free article]

See below for notes on the influence of chair height on performance
Kuo YL. The influence of chair seat height on the performance of community-dwelling older adults’ 30-second chair stand test. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2013 Jun;25(3):305-309. [PubMed] [Journal link]

To assess gait speed

Equipment: Stopwatch.

Assessment Overview and Instrument Details (external link)

Normative Data and Test-Retest Reliability in Healthy Adults
Bohannon RW. Comfortable and maximum walking speed of adults aged 20-79 years: reference values and determinants. Age Ageing. 1997 Jan;26(1):15-19. [PubMed] [Institutional Access]

Test-Retest Reliability in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA)
Beauchamp MK, Hao Q, Kuspinar A, D’Amore C, Scime G, Ma J, Mayhew A, Bassim C, Wolfson C, Kirkland S, Griffith L, Raina P. Reliability and Minimal Detectable Change Values for Performance-Based Measures of Physical Functioning in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. [PMC free article]

Standard Error of Measurement, Minimal Detectable Change and Minimal Clinically Important Difference in Older Adults
Perera S, Mody SH, Woodman RC, Studenski SA. Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006 May;54(5):743-749. [PubMed] [Journal link]

Gait Speed Meta-analysis in Research on Older Adults
Peel NM, Kuys SS, Klein K. Gait speed as a measure in geriatric assessment in clinical settings: a systematic review. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013 Jan;68(1):39-46. [PubMed] [Journal link]

To assess balance

Equipment: Stopwatch, pencil, yardstick, 6-inch high bench, tape, foam pads for standing, metronome.

FAB Scale Administration Instructions (external link)

FAB Full Scale Scoring Sheet (external link)

FAB Scale Interpretation (external link)

Convergent Validity, Test-Retest Reliability and Inter- and Intra-Rater Reliability in a sample of Community-Residing Older Adults
Rose DJ, Lucchese N, Wiersma LD. Development of a multidimensional balance scale for use with functionally independent older adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006 Nov;87(11):1478-1485. [PubMed] [Institutional access]

Sensitivity and Specificity in a sample of Independently-Functioning Older Adults
Hernandez D, Rose DJ. Predicting which older adults will or will not fall using the Fullerton Advanced Balance scale. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008 Dec;89(12):2309-2315. [PubMed] [Institutional access]

To assess balance

Equipment: Stopwatch, yardstick, tape, standard chair, box (height=9in/23cm), foam pads for standing, incline ramp with 10° slope.

PRACTICAL NOTE: The MiniBest has low floor/ceiling effects and intervention can be tailored to the specific area of deficit.

MiniBEST Instructions and Score Sheet (external link)

Normative Data in a sample of Adults 50 and older
O’Hoski S, Winship B, Herridge L, Agha T, Brooks D, Beauchamp MK, Sibley KM. Increasing the clinical utility of the BESTest, mini-BESTest, and brief-BESTest: normative values in Canadian adults who are healthy and aged 50 years or older. Phys Ther. 2014 Mar;94(3):334-342. [PubMed] [Institutional access]

Inter-rater Reliability in a sample of Adults 50 and older
Horak FB, Wrisley DM, Frank J. The Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) to differentiate balance deficits. Phys Ther. 2009 May; 89(5): 484–498. [PubMed] [PMC free article] [Institutional access]

To assess balance

Equipment: Stopwatch, ruler, footstool or step, 2 standard chairs (one with arm rests, one without), 15 foot walkway.

Assessment Overview and Instrument Details (external link)

Normative Data in a sample of Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Steffen TM, Hacker TA, Mollinger L. Age- and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people: Six-Minute Walk Test, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up & Go Test, and gait speeds. Phys Ther. 2002 Feb;82(2):128-137. [PubMed]

Test-Retest Reliability and Inter- and Intra-Rater Reliability in a sample of Elderly
Berg KO, Wood-Dauphinee SL, Williams JI, Maki B. Measuring balance in the elderly: validation of an instrument. Can J Public Health. 1992 Jul-Aug;83 Suppl 2:S7-11. [PubMed]

Standard Error of Measurement and Minimum Detectable Change in a sample of Elderly
Donoghue D, Physiotherapy Research and Older People (PROP) group, Stokes EK. How much change is true change? The minimum detectable change of the Berg Balance Scale in elderly people. J Rehabil Med. 2009 Apr;41(5):343-346. [PubMed] [Journal link]

Berg Balance Scale Meta-analysis in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Downs S, Marquez J, Chiarelli P. Normative scores on the Berg Balance Scale decline after age 70 years in healthy community-dwelling people: a systematic review. J Physiother. 2014 Jun;60(2):85-89. [PubMed] [Journal link]

Tele-Assessment of the Berg Balance Scale
Venkataraman K, Morgan M, Amis KA, Landerman LR, Koh GC, Caves K, Hoenig H. Tele-Assessment of the Berg Balance Scale: Effects of Transmission Characteristics. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017 Apr;98(4):659-664.e1. [PubMed] [Journal link]

To assess balance

Equipment: Stopwatch, 4 canes or dowel rods 1 inch in height.

Assessment Overview and Instrument Details (external link)

Normative Data, Test-Retest Reliability and Inter- and Inter-Rater Reliability in a sample of Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Dite W, Temple VA. A clinical test of stepping and change of direction to identify multiple falling older adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002 Nov;83(11):1566-1571. [PubMed]

Validity and Reliability: A review of studies
Moore M, Barker K. The validity and reliability of the four square step test in different adult populations: a systematic review. Syst Rev. 2017 Sep 11;6(1):187. [PubMed] [PMC free article] [Institutional access]

To assess balance

Equipment: Stopwatch.

Assessment Overview and Instrument Details (external link)

Normative Data by Age Cohorts
Springer BA, Marin R, Cyhan T, Roberts H, Gill NW. Normative values for the unipedal stance test with eyes open and closed. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2007;30(1):8-15. [PubMed] [ResearchGate]

Test-Retest Reliability in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA)
Beauchamp MK, Hao Q, Kuspinar A, D’Amore C, Scime G, Ma J, Mayhew A, Bassim C, Wolfson C, Kirkland S, Griffith L, Raina P. Reliability and Minimal Detectable Change Values for Performance-Based Measures of Physical Functioning in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. [PMC free article]

Reference Values
Yoshimura N, Oka H, Muraki S, Akune T, Hirabayashi N, Matsuda S, Nojiri T, Hatanaka K, Ishimoto Y, Nagata K, Yoshida M, Tokimura F, Kawaguchi H, Nakamura K. Reference values for hand grip strength, muscle mass, walking time, and one-leg standing time as indices for locomotive syndrome and associated disability: the second survey of the ROAD study. J Orthop Sci. 2011 Nov;16(6):768-77. [PubMed] [Institutional Access]

Hall KS, Cohen HJ, Pieper CF, Fillenbaum GG, Kraus WE, Huffman KM, Cornish M, Shiloh A, Flynn C, Sloane R, Newby LK, Morey MC. Physical performance across the adult lifespan: correlates with age and physical activity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017 Apr;72(4):572-578. [Institutional access] [PubMed]

To assess sitting balance

Equipment: Step stool, tape measure, small light-weight object, stopwatch, FIST scoring sheet.

Protocol details are outlined in the FIST Training Manual. Most importantly, the primary goal of the examiner’s position should be to ensure patient safety and to assist as needed for scoring purposes.

FIST Training Manual Link (external link)

FIST Training Website Link (external link)

Gorman SL, Radtka S, Melnick M, Abrams G, Byl NN. Development and validation of the Function In Sitting Test (FIST) in adults with acute stroke. J Neuro Phys Ther. 2010:34(3);150-160. [PubMed] [Institutional Access]

Reliability
Gorman SL, Rivera M, McCarthy L. Reliability of the Function In Sitting Test (FIST). Rehabil Res Prac. 2014, Article ID 593280. [Open Access]

Validity, Responsiveness, and MCID
Gorman SL, Harro C, Platko C, Greenwald C. Examining the Function In Sitting Test (FIST) for validity, responsiveness, and minimal clinically important difference. J Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(12):2304–2311. [PubMed] [Institutional access]

A field test to assess functional aerobic capacity

Equipment: Stopwatch, measuring wheel (recommended).

Assessment Overview and Instrument Details (external link)

Normative Data and Test-Retest Reliability in a sample of Community-Dwelling Elderly
Steffen TM, Hacker TA, Mollinger L. Age- and gender-related test performance in community-dwelling elderly people: Six-Minute Walk Test, Berg Balance Scale, Timed Up & Go Test, and gait speeds. Phys Ther. 2002 Feb;82(2):128-137. [PubMed] [Institutional Access]

Test-Retest Reliability, Criterion Validity and Construct Validity in a sample of Older Adults
Harada ND, Chiu V, Stewart AL. Mobility-related function in older adults: assessment with a 6-minute walk test. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999 Jul;80(7):837-841. [PubMed] [PDF link]

Standard Error of Measurement, Minimal Detectable Change and Minimal Clinically Important Difference in Older Adults
Perera S, Mody SH, Woodman RC, Studenski SA. Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006 May;54(5):743-749. [PubMed] [Journal link]

American Thoracic Society Guidelines
Holland AE, Spruit MA, Troosters T, et al. An official European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society technical standard: field walking tests in chronic respiratory disease. Eur Respir J. 2014 Dec;44(6):1428-1446. [PubMed] [Institutional Access]

To assess muscular strength of the hand and forearm

Equipment: Dynamometer.

Overview and Protocol (external link)

Normative Data in samples of the elderly
Desrosiers J, Bravo G, Hébert R, Dutil E. Normative data for grip strength of elderly men and women. Am J Occup Ther. 1995 Jul-Aug;49(7):637-644. [PubMed] [PDF download]

Lam NW, Goh HT, Kamaruzzaman SB, Chin AV, Poi PJ, Tan MP. Normative data for hand grip strength and key pinch strength, stratified by age and gender for a multiethnic Asian population. Singapore Med J. 2016 Oct;57(10):578-584. [PubMed] [Journal link]

Test-Retest Reliability in a sample of Community-Dwelling Elders
Bohannon RW, Schaubert KL. Test-retest reliability of grip-strength measures obtained over a 12-week interval from community-dwelling elders. J Hand Ther. 2005 Oct-Dec;18(4):426-7. [PubMed] [Institutional access]

Test-Retest Reliability in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA)
Beauchamp MK, Hao Q, Kuspinar A, D’Amore C, Scime G, Ma J, Mayhew A, Bassim C, Wolfson C, Kirkland S, Griffith L, Raina P. Reliability and Minimal Detectable Change Values for Performance-Based Measures of Physical Functioning in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. [PMC free article]

To assess muscular strength of the hand and fingers

Equipment: Dynamometer or pinch gauge.

3 Pinch tests:

• Lateral pinch (other names: Key)
  • Place the pinch gauge between the pad of the thumb and the lateral surface of the index finger.
• Three-point pinch (other names: Palmer, three jaw chuck)
  • Place the pinch gauge between the pad of the thumb and pad of the index and middle fingers.
• Two-point pinch (other names: Tip-to-tip, O-pinch)
  • Place the pinch gauge between the tip of the thumb and the tip of the index finger.
  • This is a more precise pinch, and strength readings are usually less than the prior 2 tests.

Each test is administered 3 times, and scores are averaged for each pinch test.

Normative Data in a sample of adults (age 20s-90s)
Mathiowetz V, Kashman N, Volland G, Weber K, Dowe M, Rogers S. Grip and pinch strength: normative data for adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1985 Feb;66(2):69-74. [PubMed] [View article]

Lam NW, Goh HT, Kamaruzzaman SB, Chin AV, Poi PJ, Tan MP. Normative data for hand grip strength and key pinch strength, stratified by age and gender for a multiethnic Asian population. Singapore Med J. 2016 Oct;57(10):578-584. [PubMed] [Journal link]

To assess finger dexterity

Equipment: Stopwatch, 9-Hole peg board with pegs, container for pegs.

Overview and Instrument Details (external link)

Normative Data, Inter-rater Reliability and Test-Retest Reliability in a sample of adults
Mathiowetz V, Weber K, Kashman N, Volland G. Adult Norms for the Nine Hole Peg Test of Finger Dexterity. Occup Ther J Res. 1985 Jan;5(1):24-38. [View article]

Oxford Grice K, Vogel KA, Le V, Mitchell A, Muniz S, Vollmer MA. Adult norms for a commercially available Nine Hole Peg Test for finger dexterity. Am J Occup Ther. 2003 Sep-Oct;57(5):570-573. [PubMed] [Journal link]

To assess leg muscle power

Equipment: Stopwatch, stairs.

NOTE: Initial studies often used stairs with 10 or 11 steps. Current research examines the validity and space-saving utility of a set of 4 steps.

Protocol:

• Participants are instructed to ascend a set of stairs as fast as possible in a safe manner, and that they may use the stair rail if needed for balance, but not as a means to ascend more quickly.
• Begin timing when examiner instructs participant to start.
• End timing when both feet of participant touch the final stair.
• Power = Force x Velocity
  • Force is a function of body mass and acceleration due to gravity (body weight x 9.81 Newtons)
  • Velocity is a function of distance and test time (total vertical height of the stairs/test time)
  • Stair Climb Power = (body weight in kg) x (9.81 m/s²) x (stair height in meters)/time in seconds

Reliability, Validity and Minimal Detectable Change in a sample of Community-Dwelling older adults
Ni M, Brown LG, Lawler D, Bean JF. Reliability, Validity, and Minimal Detectable Change of Four-Step Stair Climb Power Test in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Phys Ther. 2017 Jul 1;97(7):767-773 [PubMed] [View article]

Test-Retest Reliability in mobility-limited older adults
Bean JF, Kiely DK, LaRose S, Alian J, Frontera WR. Is stair climb power a clinically relevant measure of leg power impairments in at-risk older adults? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007 May;88(5):604-9. [View article]

Nightingale EJ, Pourkazemi F, Hiller CE. Systematic review of timed stair tests. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2014;51(3):335-50. [View article]

PROMIS® (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System) is a set of person-centered measures that evaluates and monitors physical, mental, and social health in adults (and children). PROMIS® measures were developed by the NIH to standardize PRO measurement and reporting across studies. Measures in the PROMIS® toolbox can be used with the general population and with individuals living with chronic conditions.

Learn more and obtain/administer the measures (external link)

This paper documents the development and psychometric evaluation of PROMIS® Physical Function (PF) instruments by a multi-site, international team of researchers:
Rose M, Bjorner JB, Gandek B, Bruce B, Fries JF, Ware JE Jr. The PROMIS® Physical Function item bank was calibrated to a standardized metric and shown to improve measurement efficiency. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014 May;67(5):516-26. [PubMed] [PMC free article]

To assess functional status of patients in an Intensive Care Unit

Overview and Instrument Details (external link)

Convergent and Discriminant Validity in a clinimetric analysis of 5 international datasets
Huang M, Chan KS, Zanni JM, Parry SM, Neto SG, Neto JA, da Silva VZ, Kho ME, Needham DM. Functional Status Score for the ICU: An International Clinimetric Analysis of Validity, Responsiveness, and Minimal Important Difference. Crit Care Med. 2016 Dec;44(12):e1155-e1164. [PubMed] [PMC free article] [Journal link]

Predictive Utility in a sample of ICU patients
Thrush A, Rozek M, Dekerlegand JL. The clinical utility of the functional status score for the intensive care unit (FSS-ICU) at a long-term acute care hospital: a prospective cohort study. Phys Ther. 2012 Dec;92(12):1536-1545. [PubMed] [Journal link]

To assess functional status of patients in an Intensive Care Unit

Equipment: Assistants for sit-to-stand component.

Inter-rater Reliability in a sample of tracheostomy patients
Skinner EH, Berney S, Warrillow S, Denehy L. Development of a physical function outcome measure (PFIT) and a pilot exercise training protocol for use in intensive care. Crit Care Resusc. 2009 Jun;11(2):110-115. [PubMed] [View article]

Predictive Utility in a sample of ICU patients
Denehy L, de Morton NA, Skinner EH, Edbrooke L, Haines K, Warrillow S, Berney S. A physical function test for use in the intensive care unit: validity, responsiveness, and predictive utility of the physical function ICU test (scored). Phys Ther. 2013 Dec;93(12):1636-1645. [PubMed] [Journal link]

To assess functional status of patients in an Intensive Care Unit

Equipment: Spirometer, dynamometer.

Summary (external link)

Inter-rater Reliability in a sample of London ICU patients
Corner EJ, Wood H, Englebretsen C, Thomas A, Grant RL, Nikoletou D, Soni N. The Chelsea critical care physical assessment tool (CPAx): validation of an innovative new tool to measure physical morbidity in the general adult critical care population; an observational proof-of-concept pilot study. Physiotherapy. 2013 Mar;99(1):33-41. [PubMed] [Journal link]

Construct Validity in a sample of ICU patients
Corner EJ, Soni N, Handy JM, Brett SJ. Construct validity of the Chelsea critical care physical assessment tool: an observational study of recovery from critical illness. Crit Care. 2014 Mar 27;18(2):R55. [PubMed] [PMC free article] [Journal link]

A quick bedside observational assessment of patient mobility in an Intensive Care Unit

Equipment: None.

Inter-rater Reliability in adult ICU patients
Hodgson C, Needham D, Haines K, Bailey M, Ward A, Harrold M, Young P, Zanni J, Buhr H, Higgins A, Presneill J, Berney S. Feasibility and inter-rater reliability of the ICU Mobility Scale. Heart Lung. 2014 Jan-Feb;43(1):19-24. [PubMed] [Institutional access]

Construct and Predictive Validity in a sample of ICU patients
Tipping CJ, Bailey MJ, Bellomo R, Berney S, Buhr H, Denehy L, Harrold M, Holland A, Higgins AM, Iwashyna TJ, Needham D, Presneill J, Saxena M, Skinner EH, Webb S, Young P, Zanni J, Hodgson CL. The ICU Mobility Scale Has Construct and Predictive Validity and Is Responsive. A Multicenter Observational Study. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016 Jun;13(6):887-893. [PubMed] [Institutional access]